编写说明
本教材是《博雅汉语》系列精读教材的初级部分——《初级起步篇 II》，适合已经掌握约 500 个词
语的学生使用。
本教材采用以结构为纲，高结构、功能于情景之中的编写原则，力求为学生以后的学习打下比较坚
实的语言基础。在内容的编写与选取的方面，突出实用性，力求场景的真实自然。除了选取包括校园及其
他与学生的日常生活的密切相关的场景外，也选编了一些富有的人文性或趣味性的小文章，以使学生的视野
更加开阔，帮助他们逐渐使用汉语表达较为复杂的思想。在全书文体的安排上，前半部分课文采用对话
体和短文两种形式，后半部分则完全采用短文体，为学习者向中级阶段过渡做好了充分的准备。
练习的设计则以帮助学生逐步提高汉语综合能力为原则，涉及听说读写各种技能的训练，有汉字练
习、词汇练习、语言点练习、成语表达练习与阅读理解练习。我们希望，通过本书的学习，学习者可以
打下良好而坚实的汉语基础，积累充足的能量和后劲，实现在汉语的天空自由飞翔的目标。
本教材共选取常用词语近 800 个，语言点 70 项，篇章的最后长度达到 600 字左右。全书共有 25
课，每 5 课为一个单元，每单元第 5 课为总站课，对前 4 课出现的语言点进行复习和总结，原则上不再
出现新的语言点。
本教材的教学重点有两个大部分：一是帮助学生进行语言结构与词汇的积累，二是训练学生进行有意
义的成段表达。因此，我们在教学中多花时间进行生词和语言点的讲练，同时，要给学生提
供自由表达的练习活动，让学生能用学过的词汇和语法完成一定的交际任务。一般来说，我们建议用 5-6
个小时学完一课。为帮助使用本教材的教师更好地了解本书的编写原则及各课的教学目标，本教材还配
备了《教师手册》。每一课的教学重点及教学活动，教师可以参考《教师手册》。
本书第一版的编写是由两位老师合作完成的：前 13 课由任雪梅执笔，后 12 课由徐晶晶执笔，徐晶凝负
责统稿。此次修订再版，则由徐晶凝负责。主要在于以下几个方面进行了修订：
(1) 生词的选取和解释：补充或删除了—些词语，并对英文翻译进行了校改。
(2) 某些语言点的修改：力求语言点的注释更为清楚，更有条理。
(3) 课文内容的调整：对个别课文中不太规范的语词做了改动。
(4) 练习题的改动：改进某些题目，或增补—些练习。
此次修订，我们单设了一本学生用《练习册》。所以，练习分为两种：一是课后练习，实排在本
书中;—是课后练习，安排在《练习册》中。
编者的话
《越汉翻译教程》为中国非通用语教学研究会会长、解放军外国语学院亚非语系主
任、博士生导师钟翔教授主持的国部分级教学成果二等奖系列教材之一，也是国家外语
非通用语本科人才培养基地暨亚非语言文学国家级特色专业建设点建设教材。
本教材是解放军外国语学院越南语专业自 1959 年成立以来在使用多年的翻译教材的
基础上，根据时代发展要求重新编写的一本适合 21 世纪越南语教学特点的新教材。编写
的目的在于向学生介绍越汉翻译知识，传授翻译技巧，为越南语专业翻译课程提供配套
教材。
本教材在编写过程中，注意理论与实践相结合。内容框架上借鉴、吸收了国内外翻
译界的最新研究成果，探讨了越汉翻译的基本规律，加强了对越汉翻译基本问题和越汉
翻译技巧的归纳总结。我们希望通过本教材的学习，能够使学生掌握越汉翻译基本知识，
了解越汉语言文化差异，提高越南语的分析理解能力和翻译表达能力，为早日成为高水
平的越汉翻译人才奠定基础。
《越汉翻译教程》在内容上分为十个部分：第一部分为翻译原理(第一章), 第二部
分为理解表达与词汇翻译方法(第二章), 第三部分为越语基本词类翻译(第三章), 第
四部分为越语外来词和专有名词翻译(第四章), 第五部分为汉语越词翻译, 第六部分为越
语熟悉语和形象性词语翻译, 第七部分为越语称谓语翻译, 第八部分为越汉句子翻译, 第
九部分为越语文体翻译, 第十部分为越汉翻译实践。为了巩固所学知识，本教材还配有
相应的翻译练习。
作为越南语专业本科教材，本教材适合三、四年级学生使用，计划课时为 64 学时。
教师在教学中可以根据本校实际情况作适当调整。同时，本教材也可供越南语专业高职
专和以越南语为第二外语的学生及越南语进修者使用。
《越汉翻译教程》在编写过程中得到了解放军外国语学院亚非语系教材建设委员会、
解放军外国语学院亚非语言文学二级学科博士学位授权点以及世界图书出版公司
的大力支持，在此谨表示衷心的感谢。由于水平、书中的疏漏和不受之处在所难免，
恳请广大同行及各位读者批评指正。
编者
2016年12月
千越解放外国语学院
目录
第一章 翻译原理 ··························································································································· 1
第一节 翻译的定义、分类和性质 ····························································································· 1
第二节 翻译的过程和译者应具备的素养 ················································································· 4
第三节 翻译的标准和方法 ·········································································································· 11
第二章 理解表达与词汇翻译方法 ······························································································· 19
第一节 原文词义的确定 ··········································································································· 19
第二节 译文词汇的选择 ··········································································································· 20
第三节 词汇翻译的一般方法 ······································································································· 21
第三章 越语基本词类翻译 ·············································································································· 27
第一节 数词的翻译 ·················································································································· 27
第二节 声词的翻译 ·················································································································· 31
第三节 越语部分关联词的翻译 ································································································· 32
第四章 越语外来词和专有名词翻译 ····························································································· 46
第一节 外来词的翻译 ·············································································································· 46
第二节 专有名词的翻译 ··········································································································· 49
第五章 汉越词翻译 ·························································································································· 53
第一节 汉越词的定义 ············································································································· 53
第二节 自造类汉越词的造词方法 ····························································································· 55
第三节 越汉翻译策略 ············································································································· 60
第六章 越语熟语和形象性词语翻译 ···························································································· 69
第一节 越语熟语翻译 ·············································································································· 69
第二节 越语形象性词语翻译 ···································································································· 73
第七章 越语称谓语翻译 ············································································································· 78
第一节 称谓语兼称及其翻译 ···································································································· 78
第二节 称谓语感情色彩的翻译 ································································································ 80
第三节 非兼称类人称代词的翻译 ····························································································· 81
第四节 泛指类人称代词的翻译 ································································································· 81
第五节 换称称呼的翻译 ·············································································································· 81
第八章 越汉句子翻译 ····················································································································· 85
第一节 越汉语序对比与翻译 ···································································································· 85
第二节 句子翻译方法 ··············································································································· 100
第三节 长句翻译 ························································································································ 104
第九章 越语文体翻译 ····················································································································· 111
第一节 政治文体翻译 ··············································································································· 111
第二节 科技文体翻译 ··············································································································· 115
第三节 新闻文体翻译 ··············································································································· 119
第四节 文艺文体翻译 ··············································································································· 123
第五节 公文文体翻译 ··············································································································· 129
越汉翻译实践 ··································································································································· 138
主要参考文献 ··································································································································· 207
第一章 翻译原理
第一节 翻译的定义、分类和性质
随着社会文化的进步，当今世界政治、经济、文化交往往日益频繁，世界科技发展日
新月异，翻译工作的重要性越来越显现出来，从事各种语言翻译的人数也在不断
地增加。
翻译是沟通各族人民的思想，促进政治、经济、文化、科学、技术交流的重要手
段。在外语学习和研究的过程中，翻译还是学习外语的重要手段之一，是探讨两种语言
对应关系的一门学科。正如朱光潜先生所说：“翻译是学习外国文的一个最有效的办法。
它可以训练我们细心，增强我们对语文的敏感，使我们透彻地了解原文。”
《现代汉语词典》对翻译的解释是：把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达
出来(也指方言与民族共同语、方言与方言、古代语言和现代语之间—种用另一种表达)
把代表语言文字的符号或数码用语言文字表达出来。
由于翻译活动的范围很广，种类很多，我们可以从不同的角度将其分类：
- 按所涉及的语言文字符号或数码的性质，可分为语际翻译、语内翻译和语符翻
译。语际翻译就是不同语言间的翻译，如汉译汉、汉译越等。语内翻译与民族共同语、
方言与方言之间的互译也可以看作是语内翻译。语内翻译就是同—种语言不同语言变
体的翻译，如把古代语译成现代语，把越南语译成越南国语等等。语符翻译就是
把代表语言文字的符号或数码用语言文字表达出来,如密码翻译。 - 按工作方式，可以分为人工翻译和机器翻译。机器翻译是现代科学和现代对
比语言科学的产物,可望在某些领域代替人工翻译。人工翻译又可分为口译和笔译两种。
口译和笔译都必须遵循准确和通顺的基本要求,但同时它们也有各自的特点。口译要在
短时间内完成听、译、说的过程,要求译者必须对原语反应灵敏,能快速领悟原意,快
速用译语准确清楚地转达出来。笔译的过程是看、译、写、时间的。要求相对宽裕,为了
更加准确、通顺和充分地转达原文的思维内容和表现手法，译者可以查词典、翻资料，
可以字斟句酌，反复推敲。
3. 按翻译材料的语体，可以分为政论作品的翻译(包括社会科学论文、报告、演说
辞等)、科技材料的翻译、文学作品的翻译(包括小说、戏剧、诗歌等)以及其他应用文
的翻译(包括新闻报道、电报、电报、文件等)。各种语体的翻译都有其一定的特点。
4. 按处理方式，可以分为全译、摘译和编译等。
二、翻译的性质
翻译具有如下的性质:
- 翻译是一种语言交际活动。之所以说翻译是一种活动，是因为它是由人参与实施
的，它有动机，有目的，有过程，而且可以取得一定<bos> 效果。之所以说翻译是一种语言
交际活动，是因为翻译的媒介主要是语言。语言是一种意义结合的符号系统，是人类最
重要的交际工具和思维工具。操不同语言的人要进行交际，不可避免地要借助翻译活动
这个媒介。从《尚书大传》上“越裳国以三象九译而献白雉”的记载可以看出，中越
两个民族的交往和翻译活动至少从周朝就开始了。我们从事的越汉翻译活动，其实就是
一种跨文化的语言交际活动。 - 翻译是一种创造性的语言交际活动。语言是文化的载体，它不仅仅是一个结构符
号系统，还是一种社会文化现象。也就是说，一个民族的语言是在这个民族的长期历史
发展中形成的，它不仅仅具有自己的一套语音、词汇和语法结构体系，而且由于受到民族
联想心理、思维方式等因素的支配而具有独特的表现力。翻译不单是语言的转换，更确
切地说，是文化的转换，因此我们在翻译的过程中不能逐字逐句地把两种语言机械地加
以转换，也不能只凭技巧就能完整准确地再现原作，而必须深入准确地理解原文并选择
相应而恰当的表达手段使之符合译语的全民规范。比如下面这些句子:
① Anh hãy giữ lấy chút kỷ niệm ấy của một người yêu anh cho đến chết.
② Tạo nên những chuyển biến mới trong sự nghiệp xây dựng và phát triển nghề rừng ở
nước ta!
③ Đồng chí Nguyễn Phú Trọng, Tổng bí thư Ban chấp hành T.Ư Đảng Cộng sản Việt
Nam đã vào thăm và làm việc tại Đà Nẵng.
例①中的most người yêu anh cho đến chết 是补语中心词 kỳ niệm 的定语，意思是“一
个爱你至死不渝的人”，汉越词 kỳ niệm 指“纪念品”，整句话的意思就是“请你收下那
一件—个爱你至死不渝的人(送给你)的小小的纪念品”。从这句可以看出，越语的定语
一般放在它所修饰的中心词后面，这是和汉语不同的。经过调整，这这句话可以翻译成: