This is an interesting introduction to prepositional phrases in English. This short talk is given by a native teacher, and you will have a chance to see how prepositional phrases are skillfully included: “Ok class, this small exercise is going to be given for the sake of helping you learn about prepositional phrases. In all likelihood, you use these short phrases every day. Without a doubt, native speakers use these phrases by heart. In other words, they don’t really think about which prepositional phrases they use. These prepositional phrases are used in combination with other common phrases. This type of building language up out of phrases is often referred to as ‘chunking’. As you continue to speak a language, more and more phrases are on the tip of your tongue. Of course, there are a number of lists that are provided with the intention of making learning these phrases easier. However, in theory, you should be able to learn these prepositional phrases by means of using English on a daily basis. I do hope that after doing this exercise, you will be able to use English prepositional phrases correctly and effectively.” **Hình ảnh 2:** Questions about the main idea or purpose of a reading passage usually contain WH-words such as What, Why together with topic, discuss, about, purpose, etc. Below are some typical questions for the main idea/purpose. Topic: What is the main topic of this notice? What does this article discuss? What is this letter about? Purpose: What is the purpose of the advertisement? Why was this memorandum written? **Hình ảnh 3:** Step 1: Read the question to identify whether it is an overview question Questions which include topic, discuss, purpose, etc. are overview questions. Step 2: Locate the main idea/purpose at the beginning of a reading passage Find out the topic sentence showing the main idea or purpose of a reading passage. The topic sentence usually appears at the beginning of a reading passage and contains information to be developed later. Step 3: Find out the correct answer The correct answer is often the paraphrased topic sentence. **Hình ảnh 4:** Question: What is the(purpose)of this memo? (A) To assign tasks related to the meeting (B) To change the meeting time Analyzing: Step 1: Read the question. From the word purpose, it can be inferred that the question is about the main idea/purpose of the memo. Step 2: The main idea/purpose is often discussed at the beginning; the topic sentence is therefore stated at the beginning of the memo. The memo starts with “We might probably reschedule the meeting this Thursday about company alliance; later, it explains the reason in more detail. Step 3: The topic sentence is “We might probably reschedule the meeting this Thursday about company alliance. So, choice (B) To change the meeting time is the correct answer. Reschedule the meeting is paraphrased as change the meeting time.
**Where is a complement?** There are two kinds of complement; each of them has a different position in a sentence. A subject complement modifying the subject comes after the main verb, whereas an object complement modifying the object follows the object. She/is/a secretary. Verb Subject complement The news/made/workers/happy. Object Object complement **CHECK UP** Which of the following is the complement? His father is a pilot. (A) (B) (C) The subject complement comes after the verb is. Answer: (C) **Where is a modifier?** Modifiers can stand at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of a sentence. A sentence may have more than one modifier. [These days], Mr. Smith/is/busy. Modifier We/attended/the workshop/[last week]. Modifier [Of all the speakers], he/is/the best/[that I have seen]. Modifier Modifier **CHECK UP** Which of the following is the modifier? She met her co-worker at the seminar. (A) (B) (C) Except for the subject she, the verb met and the object her co-worker, the rest of the sentence is the modifier. Answer: (C)
**Image 1:** 01 He reported the (problem, problematic) to the administrator. 02 We signed an (agree, agreement) with a foreign company. 03 Many young consumers prefer (to shop, shop) online. 04 The labor union demanded the (resign, resignation) of the president. 05 Mr. Kato considered (launching, launch) a campaign to promote a new PDA. 06 Flyaway Service guarantees (deliver, delivery) in three days. **Image 2:** A noun, gerund (V-ing), to-infinitive, and noun clause can function as a complement. An adjective can also be a complement. Noun: Kevin/is/an accountant. Subject complement The board/appointed/Mr. Walsh/executive. Object complement Gerund: Her interest/was/cutting production costs. Subject complement To-infinitive: Our goal/is/to expand our business. Subject complement Noun clause: The problem/is/that I do not have time. Subject complement Adjective: The software/is/reliable. Subject complement The guest/found/our hotel/comfortable. Object complement
**Image 1:** 07 It was a great \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ that you were not hired for the position. (A) disappoint (C) disappoints (B) disappointedly (D) disappointment 08 Researchers found the recycling system \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ in reducing garbage. (A) effect (C) effective (B) effects (D) effectively 09 Steven Williams was a market \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ when he worked for KMN, Inc. (A) analyze (C) analyst (B) analyzes (D) analyzing 10 State governments and local citizens are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ in developing and financing educational programs. (A) cooperative (C) cooperated (B) cooperate (D) cooperatively **Image 2:** 01 Despite the bad weather, the event is continuing. 02 Tenants cannot renovate their homes without the approval of the owner. 03 Because of a technical problem, we postponed the performance. 04 It was Mr. Downes who was involved in stealing funds. 05 Customers seeking refunds should present a receipt. 06 Economic experts met to analyze the impact of higher interest rates. **Image 3:** 01 The new buildings are (spacious, spaciously) with high ceilings. 02 New LCD screens made the enterprise (popular, popularly). 03 Airplane tickets are not (transferable, transfer) to other individuals. 04 We consider Ms. Elson a qualified (apply, applicant). 05 It is (advise, advisable) to obtain a second opinion if you plan to invest. 06 Jack is a (manager, manage) in the computer business. **Image 4:** Information questions beginning with What, Where, Who, When, Why, Which, and How ask about specific details in a reading passage. Here are some typical information questions. What: What is scheduled for April? Where: Where was the conference first held? Who: Who will be the new marketing director? When: When will the training course take place? Why: Why is Ms. Jones offered a discount? Which: Which building was recently renovated? How: How can tickets for the show be obtained?
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